Medicine is available in various forms, including pills that appear to have a plastic-like coating. Interestingly, the demand for empty capsules is projected to surpass $5.2 billion by 2030, as per a 2022 study in Polymers. Despite their appearance, these hard-shelled capsules are not made from plastic, which is reassuring since microplastics are not suitable for the human body. A 2023 review in Yonsei Medical Journal highlighted the potential toxicity of microplastics on respiratory and other systems.
Traditional hard-shelled capsules, while not plastic, can still be a topic of debate, especially among individuals on specific diets. These capsules have been used for centuries, even by the ancient Egyptians, due to their nearly tasteless nature, making them ideal carriers for medications with unpleasant tastes. Furthermore, they ensure the medication reaches the stomach or intestines before release, possibly enhancing its bioavailability.
The advantages of hard-shelled capsules stem from their ability to act as watertight containers, safeguarding the dry medication inside. Typically, the coating of these capsules is made from hardened gelatin, which is where the controversy begins.
Unexpected origins of a proven drug delivery system
Standard hard-shelled capsules are generally made from gelatin derived from livestock byproducts not commonly consumed, such as bones, connective tissues, and skin. Vegetarians and vegans often avoid capsules made from animal gelatin and may choose tablets instead. However, they now have more cruelty-free alternatives available. (Here are some foods you probably thought were vegan, but actually aren’t.)
As consumer demand grows and vegetarianism and veganism become more prevalent, some manufacturers have started producing hard-shelled pills using vegetable-based gelatin substitutes. Vegan capsules often use water combined with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or pullulan to mimic traditional capsule coatings. Although more costly to manufacture, plant-based capsules perform as effectively as animal-based ones, dissolving reliably in the stomach. Choosing vegan-friendly capsules doesn’t compromise their effectiveness.
Allergic reactions to traditional capsule coatings
Even if you’re not following a vegan diet, you might prefer plant-based capsules if traditional gelatin ones cause issues. Some individuals experience gastrointestinal problems with animal-based gelatin capsules.
Allergic reactions to gelatin are receiving increased clinical attention. A 2009 article in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology explored this topic, suggesting that gelatin allergies, especially those derived from beef or pork, might be more common than previously thought.
If consuming pork or beef causes discomfort, you may be sensitive to gelatin in some capsules. Consider seeking non-animal capsule alternatives or consulting a medical professional for alternative medication forms if you have concerns.
